【大学受験対策】英語長文問題68（農業）344語＋和訳・解答解説

As the global population continues to rise, the demand for efficient and sustainable food production has become more pressing than ever. In response to this challenge, smart agriculture—farming enhanced by modern technology—has emerged as a promising solution. At the heart of this transformation is the Internet of Things (IoT), a network of interconnected devices that collect and share data to optimize various processes.

In traditional farming, decisions such as when to water crops or apply fertilizer were based on personal experience or fixed schedules. Now, with IoT-enabled systems, sensors placed in the soil can measure moisture levels, temperature, and nutrient content in real time. Drones equipped with cameras can survey large fields, identifying areas affected by disease or pests. These devices feed data into centralized platforms, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions that reduce waste and improve yields.

One major advantage of IoT in agriculture is precision. Instead of treating entire fields uniformly, farmers can now apply resources exactly where and when they are needed. This not only increases efficiency but also minimizes environmental impact. For instance, smart irrigation systems can prevent overwatering, which saves water and avoids soil erosion. Similarly, targeted pesticide application can reduce chemical usage and limit harm to beneficial insects.

Moreover, IoT technology enables predictive analytics. By analyzing historical and real-time data, software systems can forecast weather patterns, detect early signs of crop failure, and even suggest the best planting or harvesting times. These insights help farmers reduce risk and plan more effectively, especially in the face of climate change and unpredictable weather.

However, smart agriculture is not without challenges. High implementation costs, lack of technical knowledge among farmers, and data security concerns are significant obstacles, particularly in developing countries. Bridging the gap between advanced technology and traditional farming practices requires training, investment, and supportive policy frameworks.

Despite these hurdles, the integration of IoT in agriculture represents a significant leap forward. By combining human expertise with digital innovation, smart farming offers a pathway toward more sustainable, productive, and resilient agricultural systems—crucial for feeding the world in the decades to come.

Q1. What benefit do sensor and drone networks provide for modern farmers?

1. They guarantee identical soil conditions across all plots worldwide.
2. They completely eliminate human labor from modern agricultural processes.
3. They ensure drones never malfunction during extensive aerial crop surveys.
4. They use live field data to guide every farming choice.

Q2. Why is precision farming regarded as environmentally beneficial?

1. It accelerates global warming by boosting fertilizer usage in fields.
2. It allows resources only where needed, limiting overuse and pollution.
3. It compels farmers to irrigate at fixed daily intervals always.
4. It enables crops to photosynthesize efficiently under permanent artificial lighting.

Q3. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?

1. IoT platforms directly vaccinate livestock against viral outbreaks automatically.
2. Software can forecast storms and recommend optimal harvest dates accordingly.
3. High equipment costs hinder adoption among farmers in poorer nations.
4. Rising global population intensifies pressure for sustainable food production methods.